Orthodontics
Also known as braces, Invisalign, clear aligners
Straightens teeth and, done well, supports the lower face. The single best value change most people can make to their smile.
US $3,000–7,000 for braces; $3,500–8,000 for Invisalign. Retainers ongoing.
How it works
Continuous light force applied to teeth causes bone resorption on the pressure side and deposition on the tension side, allowing teeth to move through the alveolar bone. Fixed braces control root position in three dimensions; clear aligners work well for mild to moderate crowding but are weaker for complex rotations and vertical movements.
How it's used
See an orthodontist rather than a general dentist for anything complex. Critically, ask whether your case needs expansion or jaw surgery rather than extractions — retracting teeth to fit a small jaw can flatten the profile and worsen the airway. Retainers are permanent; teeth relapse without them, and this is where most people lose their result.
Trade-offs
In favour
- Dramatically improves smile aesthetics
- Improves bite function and long-term dental health
- Clear aligners are nearly invisible
- Well-established with predictable outcomes
- Can improve lip support and profile with the right plan
Against
- 12–36 months of treatment
- Retainers required indefinitely
- Extraction-based plans can flatten the facial profile
- Direct-to-consumer aligner companies have caused significant documented harm
Risks and side effects
- Root resorption shortening the roots
- Decalcification and white spot lesions around brackets
- Relapse without retainer compliance
- Gum recession with excessive movement
- TMJ discomfort
- Profile flattening with inappropriate extraction planning
Recovery
No downtime. Soreness for 3–5 days after placement and each adjustment. Speech adaptation for a week with aligners.
How good is the evidence?
Extremely well-established with extensive clinical evidence.
Sources
- Orthodontic treatment outcomes and stabilityPubMed
- Find an orthodontistAmerican Association of Orthodontists
Sources point to guideline bodies and literature searches rather than single papers, so they stay accurate as the evidence moves.