Niacinamide
Also known as vitamin B3, nicotinamide
The most tolerable active in skincare. Modest effects across a wide range of concerns, and it almost never causes problems.
$8–30 — one of the best value actives available.
How it works
A vitamin B3 derivative that supports ceramide synthesis to strengthen the barrier, reduces inflammatory cytokine signalling, and inhibits transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes.
How it's used
4–5% is the well-supported range; higher concentrations offer no added benefit and increase flushing risk. Layers with essentially anything, morning or night.
Trade-offs
In favour
- Extremely well tolerated
- Improves barrier function and reduces redness
- Modest evidence for pigmentation and sebum control
- Cheap and stable
Against
- Effects are subtle compared with retinoids
- Marketing far outpaces the evidence
- High-percentage products can cause flushing
Risks and side effects
- Flushing at high concentrations
- Rare irritation
How good is the evidence?
Multiple small randomised trials support barrier and pigmentation effects; effect sizes are real but modest.
Sources
Sources point to guideline bodies and literature searches rather than single papers, so they stay accurate as the evidence moves.